RESUMO
RESUMEN Las lesiones intraepiteliales (LIEs) son anormalidades morfológicas locales de los ductos y los lobulillos de la glándula mamaria que incrementan el riesgo de cáncer. Los programas de detección temprana de cáncer de seno han incrementado la identificación de LIEs. En este sentido, en perras se ha propuesto las LIEs como modelo comparativo con humanos. La galectina-3 está involucrada con la progresión del cáncer en mujeres y hembras caninas pero su papel en el comportamiento biológico de las neoplasias es contradictorio según la célula de origen. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la expresión de la galectina-3 por medio de inmunohistoquímica en 19 glándulas mamarias (GM) de seis perras sin evidencia de tumor que contenían 50 tipos de LIEs y 7 carcinomas invasivos, teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de células positivas y la intensidad del color de la inmunoreacción. No hubo inmunomarcación para galectina-3 en las adenosis, las hiperplasias ductales usuales, la hiperplasia lobular atípica, las lesiones de células columnares, los carcinomas complejos o las hiperplasias complejas. Un papiloma/ adenoma con hiperplasia de acinos tuvo inmunomarcación multifocal en 11-50% de las células con moderada intensidad. Dos carcinomas in situ del subtipo lobular (uno de grado histológico nuclear intermedio y el otro de alto grado) tuvieron marcación en 10% de las células, pero uno tuvo intensidad baja y el otro, intensidad moderada. Los hallazgos sugieren que el papel de la galectina-3 es poco importante en la iniciación de las LIEs, pero sugieren que es una proteína de interés en la progresión de estas lesiones que posiblemente interactua en el comportamiento biológico de esta enfermedad.
ABSTRACT Intraepithelial lesions (IELs) are local morphological abnormalities of the ducts and lobules of the mammary gland that increase the risk of cancer. Programs of early detection of breast cancer have improved the identification of IELs. In canines they have been proposed as a comparative model with human IELs. Galectin-3 is involved with cancer progression in women and bitches but its role in the biological behavior of neoplasias is contradictory depending on the source cell. The aim of this study was to characterize by immunohistochemistry the expression of galectin-3 in 19 mammary glands (MG) from 6 canines without clinical signs of tumor, containing 50 types of IELs and seven invasive carcinomas, taking into account the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of color immunoreaction. There wasn't any immunostaining for galectin-3 in the adenosis, in the usual ductal hyperplasias, in the atypical lobular hyperplasia, in the columnar cell lesions, in the complex carcinomas or in the complex hyperplasias. A papilloma/adenoma with acinar hyperplasia had multifocal staining in 11-50% of the cells with moderate intensity. Two in situ lobular carcinomas (ISLC) (one of nuclear intermediate grade and the other of high nuclear grade) had 10% staining cells, but the intensity was moderate in one of them and low in the other. Findings suggest that the role of galectin-3 is unimportant in the initiation of IELs, but also that it is a protein of interest in the progression of the lesions and that it possibly acts in the biological behavior of the disease.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in postmenopausal women with and without the metabolic syndrome (METS) and to explore levels of circulating biomarkers of inflammation, vascular and metabolic dysfunction according to SNP genotypes. METHODS: DNA was extracted from the whole blood of 192 natural postmenopausal women (40 to 65 years) screened for the METS and tested for three gene SNPs related to obesity: the fat mass obesity (FTO: rs9939609) and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR: C677T and A1298C). Blood levels of angiopoietin, IL-8, sFASL, IL-6, TNF-α, sCD40L, PAI-1, u-PA, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, visfatin, adipsin and insulin were measured in a subgroup, with and without the METS, using multiplex technology (n = 100) and compared according to SNP genotypes. RESULTS: Genotype frequency of the three studied SNPs did not differ in relation to the presence of the METS. However, genotypes CT+TT (C677T) and AT (rs9939609) were more prevalent in women with high triglyceride levels. Pooled sub-analysis (n = 100) found that median sCD40L and visfatin levels were higher in women with genotypes AT+TT (rs9939609) as compared to AA (1178 vs. 937.0 pg/mL and 0.93 vs. 0.43 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Two SNP genotypes related to obesity were more prevalent in women with abnormal triglyceride levels and two vascular and inflammatory serum markers were higher in relation to the rs9939609 SNP.
Assuntos
Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Biomarcadores/sangue , Inflamação/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Doenças Vasculares/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Pós-Menopausa , Doenças Vasculares/sangueRESUMO
Brachiaria spp. is the predominate pasture grass for cattle grazing in the Orinoco watershed in Colombia. However, it has been recognized that this grass can cause liver damage, leading to photosensitization in ruminants; such injury is caused by the steroidal saponins found in this plant. Liver samples taken from five clinically-healthy bulls' left and right liver lobes and portal vein entrance were processed by routine histological techniques to evaluate liver lesions caused by Brachiaria decumbens in cattle grazing on Colombia's Eastern plains. The main lesions observed in these tissues were mononuclear cell cholangiohepatitis, foamy macrophages, moderate bile pigment accumulation, hepatocyte death, binucleated hepatocytes, moderate bile duct hyperplasia and multiple foci of mild fibrosis in portal areas; these were corroborated by Masson's trichrome staining. Such lesions were predominantly distributed at the portal vein entrance, frequently being located in the periportal region. This type of lesion has usually been attributed to Brachiaria decumbens consumption, and was present in clinically healthy animals exclusively feeding on this type of grass. Thus we conclude that the tissue alterations found herein were caused by Brachiaria decumbens. This research should be expanded to involve a larger selection of cattle populations, throughout a broader geographical region.
En la Orinoquía colombiana hay una considerable cantidad de ganado bovino que se alimenta predominantemente de Brachiaria spp. Sin embargo, se ha reconocido que esta pastura puede ocasionar daño hepático y posterior fotosensibilización en rumiantes, por las saponinas esteroidales que contiene. Con el propósito de evaluar las lesiones hepáticas en ganado bovino procedente de los Llanos Orientales colombianos, se tomaron y procesaron, mediante técnicas histológicas de rutina, muestras de hígado de los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo, así como de la entrada de la vena porta de cinco toros clínicamente sanos. Las principales lesiones observadas en estos tejidos fueron colangiohepatitis mononuclear, macrófagos espumosos, acumulación moderada de pigmentos biliares, muerte de hepatocitos, hepatocitos binucleados, moderada hiperplasia de ductos biliares y múltiples focos de fibrosis leve en áreas periportales, que fueron corroborados por tinción tricrómica de Masson. Estas lesiones se distribuyeron predominantemente en la entrada de la vena porta y se localizaron con frecuencia en la entrada de la región periportal. Dado que estas lesiones se atribuyen comúnmente al consumo de Brachiaria decumbens, y estaban presentes en animales clínicamente sanos exclusivamente alimentados con esta pastura, se concluye que las lesiones aquí encontradas fueron causadas por la Brachiaria decumbens. Se sugiere ampliar este estudio involucrando más bovinos, granjas y municipios.
